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This method has been reported to reduce the recanalization rate even further, to nearly zero (Esho and Cass, 1978; Sokal et al, 2004). Serum prostate-specific antigen is normal, and serum carcinoembryonic antigen is elevated (Mostofi and Price, 1973; Benson et al, 1984; Tanaka et al, 1987; Chinoy and Kulkarni, 1993; Thiel and Effert, 2002). Patients who have small numbers of persistent nonmotile sperm can be advised cautiously to discontinue contraception (Griffin et al, 2005). For each specific disorder presented here, we will discuss the recommended approach to the upper tract evaluation. Active surveillance of small renal masses: progression patterns of early stage kidney cancer. Disease progression, defined as the need for interven- tion, stone growth, or the development of stone-related pain, was seen in 77% of patients, with 26% of patients requiring surgery. When Nash and colleagues (1995) examined the reasons for nephrectomy in patients with renal injuries, 77% required removal because of the extent of parenchymal, vascular, or combined injury. Similarity of urinary risk factors among stoneforming patients in five regions of the United States. In younger patients, it may be helpful to have early recognition of disease progression and early choice of total removal of the genitourinary system as a way of preventing progression to metastatic disease and potential death. Lasers are named after the medium that generates their specific wavelength of light; for example, the laser was developed in 1960 and the first medium used was the ruby. Moreover, serious adverse reactions requiring cessation of therapy were less common with mercaptopropionylglycine. Comparison of the effects of enalapril plus hydrochlorothiazide versus standard triple therapy on renal function in renovascular hypertension. It has been theorized that squeezing should be enhanced when the entire stone falls within the diameter of the focal zone. In addition, urinary saturation of undissociated uric acid increased more than two-fold, urinary calcium levels increased from 160 mg/day to 248 mg/day, causing an estimated calcium balance decrease of 90 mg/day. Medical conditions that predispose to nephrolithiasis formation should be considered in all stone formers (Strauss et al, 1982). In addition, the option to reduce the size of the renal pelvis is readily available with this approach. B,Histopathologic section of one of the renal cysts shows lining of clear cells representing incipient carcinoma. Longer term follow-up and more cases are needed to determine whether this will be a successful management approach, especially considering that most stents require anticoagulation after placement, which may not be possible in a trauma patient. Patients with single stones tended to be older when they passed their stones and required a greater rate of intervention to treat the calculus. In summary, improved ureteroscopic instrumentation, laser technology, and the benefits of direct endoscopic visualization make ureteroscopic endopyelotomy the pervasive retrograde approach. Changes in the frequency of action potential development may result from a change in the level of the threshold potential, a change in the rate of slow spontaneous depolarization of the resting potential, or a change in the level of the resting potential. Management of Distal Ureter and Bladder Cuff Complete removal of the distal ureter and bladder cuff offer superior oncologic outcomes to incomplete resection. Their overall benefit is seen with semirigid ureteroscopy when the surgeon wishes to avoid performing flexible nephroscopy of the kidney to retrieve any small fragments that may have traveled proximally at time of treatment of the ureteral stone. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors reduce ureteral contraction in vivo: a better alternative for renal colic Experimental diabetes upregulates the expression of ureteral endothelin receptors. Experimental utilization of the holmium laser in a model of ureteroscopic lithotripsy: energy analysis. Renal transplant outcomes are significantly improved with a living compared to a deceased donor. El Fettouh and colleagues (2002), in a multi-institutional study with 116 patients, showed the local and bladder recurrence rates to be 2% and 24%, respectively. Indeed, studies of single-stone formers placed on a conservative program of high fluid intake alone or combined with avoidance of dietary excess, revealed a low incidence of recurrent stone disease (Hosking et al, 1983). Calcium absorption in the kidney is complex, but recent work has begun to elucidate the proteins and mechanisms involved.

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Cutress and colleagues (2012) reported 5-year recurrence-free survival rates of 13% to 54% in the largest series. Furthermore, cystinurics have relatively worse renal function compared with calcium oxalate stone formers, and the greatest decline in renal function is found in those cystinurics who have required more stone surgeries (Barbey et al, 2000; Assimos et al, 2002). Balloon dilation of ureteroenteric strictures was one of the first endourologic forms of management used, and fortunately longterm results are available. The ureter contains excitatory -adrenergic and inhibitory -adrenergic receptors (McLeod et al, 1973; Rose and Gillenwater, 1974; Weiss et al, 1978) that have been demonstrated with receptorbinding techniques (Latifpour et al, 1989, 1990). Primary repair of a partial transection is used in the majority of ureteral injuries, up to 58% of the time in one large series (Presti et al, 1989). In addition, these authors noted the significance of an intact vascular supply on the success of this procedure. Meta-analysis of randomized trials for medical prevention of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Proteomic analysis identified 33 unique proteins, of which 90% had not been previously reported as components of matrix stones and 70% are considered inflammatory or defensive in nature. Robot-assisted reconstructive surgery of the distal ureter: single institution experience in 16 patients. The curved hemostat is used to spread the skin to enlarge the vertical slit in the skin just large enough to allow the ring-tipped vas deferens fixation clamp to fit through to grasp the vas deferens. Treatment of urethral stones by retrograde manipulation and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. A double-J ureteral stent should be placed before completion of the anastomotic closure. Once the stent is removed, the patient returns 1 month later for clinical follow-up and radiographic evaluation. An Amplatz sheath is introduced into the sac, and ultrasonic lithotripsy is performed to reduce the stones, allowing for extraction through the percutaneous site (Lam et al, 2007). Adherence to the tenets of safe ureteroscopy will minimize the likelihood of a ureteral perforation. Fourteen percent recurred and required a secondary surgical intervention, whereas 86% remain patent at a mean follow-up of 20. In contrast, upper ureteral strictures are incised laterally or posterolaterally, away from the great vessels. A cascade of chemical reactions generates the conditions conducive to the formation of infection stones. The analysis of the literature is complicated by lack of uniformity in templates for lymphadenectomy and the inconsistent pattern of spread compared with bladder cancers. This decrease in the ability to generate an active intraluminal pressure and to coapt the ureteral lumen impairs urine transport in the obstructed ureter. However, depending on the location of the lesion and/or its size and whether or not it is associated with lesions in the abdominal aorta or is a subtype of fibromuscular dysplasia, surgery may be the more appropriate treatment choice. If one is to consider a total laparoscopic procedure or to minimize the open distal portion, the ureteral dissection needs to continue to the level of the bladder. Prostatomembranous urethral injuries: a review of the literature and a rational approach to their management. In addition, whites are about twice as likely as African-Americans to develop upper tract tumors (Greenlee et al, 2000). Renal transplant recipients have sepsisassociated mortality rates higher than the general population but lower than dialysis patients. However, these potentially lithogenic physiologic changes are offset by an increase in the excretion of urinary inhibitors, such as citrate and magnesium, as well as an increase in urine output (Biyani and Joyce, 2002). The overall single-treatment success rates for surgical hydrocelectomy are between 90% and 100% (Rodriguez et al, 1981).

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Ureterocalicostomy has been completed successfully via both laparoscopic and robotic-assisted laparoscopic approaches. Does a smaller tract in percutaneous nephrolithotomy contribute to less invasiveness Efficiency and efficacy of different intracorporeal ultrasonic lithotripsy units on a synthetic stone model. This technique is especially useful for low-grade papillary tumor on a narrow stalk. The development of diabetes was related to the total number of shock waves and the power level of the lithotripter. Some of these trials have completed accrual and final analysis can be expected in approximately 2015. In developing countries, however, endemic ammonium acid urate urolithiasis is still observed because it comprises bladder calculi in children (Minon Cifuentes and Pourmand, 1983; Vanwaeyenbergh et al, 1995). However, pain from renal colic is the most common nonobstetric reason for hospital admission during pregnancy (Rodriguez and Klein, 1988). Oncologic events were uncommon, as expected for small renal masses, and similar in both groups. The presence of active ions that are not measured in routine blood chemistry can be detected by the anion gap. Although no additional benefit to mannitol has been shown in the diabetic patient undergoing radiocontrast procedures, sodium bicarbonate solution infusion along with N-acetylcysteine may potentially be of help. Accurate determination of chemical composition of urinary calculi by spiral computerized tomography. In addition, there should be close surveillance of the upper tract for any infiltrating disease. In patients with mild-to-moderate severity of stone disease, virtually total control of stone disease can be achieved, with a remission rate of greater than 95%. The largest analysis of a multi-institutional patient cohort by Margulis and colleagues (2010) showed that combination of grade, tumor architecture, and location achieved 76. Transitional epithelium is a stratified epithelium characterized by the fact that the most apical cells are the roundest and largest in diameter. Disease in the renal pelvis and upper ureter is best approached through an upper or middle pole access to allow scope maneuvering through the collecting system and down the ureteropelvic junction. Developmental changes in the biochemical and functional properties of endothelin receptors in rabbit renal pelvis. However, the identification of these abnormalities is more challenging in the pediatric population. Among idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers, the volume of papillary surface covered by plaque was shown to correlate negatively with urine volume and positively with hypercalciuria (Kuo et al, 2003a, 2003b) and the number of stones formed (Kim et al, 2005), providing further corroborating clinical evidence for this sequence of events. Although various nuances in the technique have been described (Korth et al, 1988; Van Cangh et al, 1989; Ono et al, 1992), the basic concept of the endopyelotomy is a full-thickness lateral incision through the obstructing proximal ureter, from the ureteral lumen out to the peripelvic and periureteral fat. Vasectomy should be repeated if any motile sperm are seen in the ejaculate 6 months after the initial vasectomy (American Urological Association, 2012). The ulnar portion was de-epithelialized and tubularized to form bulk and a new right corporeal body. Therapy of hyponatremia is directed both at the cause of the condition and the water imbalance itself. In the past several years, studies have shown that "ramping up" the energy of the lithotripter can be protective of renal injury. African-Americans previously have been observed to have a significantly lower incidence of nephrolithiasis than their white counterparts. The effect of adrenergic and cholinergic agents and their blockers upon ureteral activity. Despite the global changes in urinary metabolites, only obese women (compared to nonobese women) had an increase in the stone episodes. Of note, however, the metabolic evaluation in this study involved measurement of only urinary volume, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, oxalate, and uric acid.

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In general, procedures associated with a higher level of risk include major joint replacement, craniotomy, cardiac procedures, large bowel procedure, and exploratory laparotomies. Young to middle-age women, in particular, are more likely to have benign pathology, as high as 40% in some series (Eggener et al, 2004). Should a sheath not be used, others advocate adequate urethral lubrication and preoperative meatotomy to reduce the incidence of postoperative stricture disease, although the long-term success of this strategy has not been reported (Sathaye, 2003). With a Gibson, low midline, or Pfannenstiel incision, bladder cuff removal is performed using a transvesical. This histologic subtype is very rare in the upper urinary tract, and most patients have advanced disease at presentation. Increasing incidence of all stages of kidney cancer in the last 2 decades in the United States: an analysis of surveillance, epidemiology and end results program data. Another, more contemporary geographic epidemiologic database, the Marshfield Epidemiologic Study Area Database, showed a decline in the male-to-female ratio for urolithiasis from 1. The effects of fenoldopam, a selective dopamine receptor agonist, on systemic and renal hemodynamics in normotensive subjects. If possible, appropriate planned ureteric reconstruction should be done after functional and anatomic imaging is performed. Postoperatively, patients must be monitored for fever, peritonitis, and leukocytosis (Grainger et al, 1990; Parpala-Sparman et al, 2008), which herald the potential for missed ureteral injury. A 57% long-term stent-free patency rate was achieved, even with follow-up longer than 2 years (Meretyk et al, 1991). In these instances, further functional renal studies, such as diuretic renography, can be used to quantify remaining renal function. Minimally invasive surgery for patients with bulky bladder stones and large benign prostatic hyperplasia simultaneously: a novel design. Most of these recurrences can be managed with repeat ablation, but this is not always feasible. Radiotherapy for retroperitoneal malignancy is also known to produce a residual fibrotic mass leading to secondary ureteral obstruction. To minimize the risk of tumor spillage and seeding, the wound is packed with sponges before an incision is made in urothelium. Intimal fibroplasia accounts for 10% of the cases of fibromuscular dysplasia and occurs predominantly in children and younger adults (Pohl, 1999; Novick and Fergany, 2002). In general, level I thrombi are isolated by a Satinsky clamp and are thus readily addressed. E, Renal capsule is closed over the cut surface of the parenchyma whenever possible. Concern has been raised, however, regarding the overalkalinization of urine and an increase in the formation rate of calcium phosphate stones. This effect is usually achieved by the use of an alkalinizing agent such as potassium citrate (at a dose of 30 to 60 mEq/day in divided doses). However, despite this anastomotic plexus, ureteral ischemia is not uncommon if these small and delicate ureteral branches are disrupted. End stage polycystic kidney disease: indications and timing of native nephrectomy relative to kidney transplantation. Several trials have been performed using irrigation of the abdominal ends of the vas deferens with saline, but there was no difference in time to azoospermia (Cook et al, 2007b). In small series, patients with immediately repaired ureteral injuries still suffered urine leak, fistula, and even nephrectomy (Grainger et al, 1990; Mandal et al, 1990). A Urothelial Histology Urothelial carcinomas make up more than 90% of upper urinary tract tumors. Stents should be placed cystoscopically with minimal radiographic or sonographic monitoring (Loughlin and Bailey, 1986; Jarrard et al, 1993). Margulis and colleagues (2009) conducted a retrospective review of 1363 patients from 12 tertiary care centers worldwide who underwent radical nephroureterectomy with curative intent.

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A recent prospective study compared the effects of alendronate alone to alendronate combined with hydrochlorothiazide in patients with calcium stones, hypercalciuria, and decreased bone density. Because sodium urate is approximately 20 times more soluble than the free acid, the relative proportion present as free uric acid strongly determines the risk of stone formation. Intrapelvic pressure and renal function studies in experimental chronic partial ureteric obstruction. Uric acid and struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) each comprise approximately 7% of stones, and cystine stones represent only about 1% (Table 51-1) (Wilson, 1989). Glucocorticoids can significantly alter calcium metabolism through their actions on bone, intestine, and parathyroid glands. All of the fracture mechanisms described have the potential to generate progressive damage to the interior of the stone. The exact composition of matrix is difficult to ascertain because only 25% of it is soluble (Ryall, 1993); however, chemical analysis reveals a heterogeneous mixture consisting of approximately 65% protein, 9% nonamino sugars, 5% glucosamine, 10% bound water, and 12% organic ash (Boyce, 1968). Selective embolization should be considered as first-line therapy in patients with acute or potentially life-threatening hemorrhage, because surgical exploration in this setting is often associated with total nephrectomy (Pappas et al, 2006; Chang et al, 2007). The combination of topical agents and short-acting intravenous agents is likely to minimize the amount of these agents required and to shorten recovery times. Patients abusing laxatives excrete large amounts of ammonia in the urine to eliminate excess acid, resulting in low urine pH. The first-generation lithotripter was a water bath design that was a large, stationary machine. A classification of fascio-cutaneous flaps according to their patterns of vascularization. SodiumTransport A decrease in sodium transport in the nephron is observed after release of obstruction, and this salt wasting also contributes to the concentrating defect observed in response to obstruction. Active surveillance or localized therapy for urologic malignancy, with appropriate indications and patient compliance, should be considered as adequate treatment before transplantation. There is a 1: 2 male-to-female ratio of the upper tract tumors seen in Taiwan in contrast to the male predominance seen in all other areas of the world, which may be a result of higher exposure of women to arsenic fumes during cooking by steam heat over boiling water. A frequently found defect is the presence of an aperistaltic segment of the ureter, perhaps similar to that found in primary obstructive megaureter. By 1957, Curtiss and Hirschowitz combined a large number of glass fibers into a coherent bundle and fused the fibers at their ends to allow them to move individually along their length, thus creating the first flexible endoscope (Hirschowitz et al, 1957). Changes in the stage and surgical management of renal tumours during 1995-2005: an analysis of the Dutch national histopathology registry. Early observations of the effect of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy on blood pressure: a prospective randomized control clinical trial. Ideally all of the relevant anatomic staging information would be captured, at least parenthetically. Intraoperative ureteral manipulation resulting in subsequent hydronephrosis is common after aortoiliac and aortofemoral bypass surgery (12% to 20%), but the course is benign in most (St. Survival analysis of 130 patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma: prognostic utility of type 1 and type 2 subclassification. Advances in immunosuppressive drugs have improved early graft survival rates, but these improvements have had little impact on late graft loss, largely because of chronic rejection. Additionally, external violence from high-speed blunt mechanisms and penetrating stab and gunshot wounds contributes to the overall incidence. However, these radiographic findings may prompt the attentive urologist to consider a percutaneous biopsy if the suspicion is raised by imaging. Multiple nodules of the scrotum: histopathological findings and surgical procedure. However, one group has reported on the successful implementation of drainless and catheterless open suprapubic cystolithotomy in children after meticulous two-layer closure of the cystotomy. Lee and colleagues reported a series of three robotic ureteroureterostomies, all successful by symptom and nuclear renal scan criteria at an average of 24 months. Mechanical function and gene expression of 1 adrenoceptor subtypes in dog intravesical ureter.

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Endogenous creatinine clearance rapidly approaches 70% to 80% of the preoperative level, and this has been shown to be sustained for more than 10 years (Najarian et al, 1992; Ibrahim et al, 2009b). Predictors of immediate postoperative outcome of single-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy. When combined with animal protein restriction and moderate calcium ingestion, a reduced-sodium diet will decrease stone episodes by roughly 50%. Transient acoustic cavitation in gallstone fragmentation: a study of gallstones fragmented in vivo. The incidence of papillary adenomas increases with age (40% of patients over 70 years of age in autopsy studies) and male sex, and these tumors also have been associated with acquired renal cystic disease that results in end-stage renal failure (Xipell, 1971; Hughson et al, 1986; Reis et al, 1988; Leroy et al, 2001; Denton et al, 2002; Snyder et al, 2006; Ferda et al, 2007). Matlaga and Assimos (2002) reported that of 986 surgical procedures for stone removal performed at their institution between 1998 and 2001, 0. Even in virginal patients, our surgeons have become skilled at accomplishing a hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy by way of transvaginal surgery. Active treatment of localized renal tumors may not impact overall survival in patients aged 75 or older. After entry to the Gerota fascia, the kidney is completely mobilized and rotated inferiorly and medially on its vascular pedicle. The inferior epigastric vessels can usually be gently retracted, but they may be divided if surgical exposure is compromised. Through the process of countercurrent multiplication, the loop of Henle is able to produce an interstitial osmotic gradient ranging from 285 mOsm/kg (isosmotic with plasma) in the outer medulla to 1200 mOsm/kg in the inner medulla. The strictured area is then recannulated using the stiff end of a guidewire, a small electrocautery electrode, or holmium laser. Renal angiomyolipoma: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and follow-up study of 46 cases. However, the longterm consequences to the patient of dividing the profunda femoris are unclear. The widespread use of intracorporeal lithotrites such as the holmium laser permits the safe and atraumatic fragmentation of calculi at any location. Its overexpression is associated with presence of vascular invasion and recurrence (Scarpini et al, 2012). Liponomic control of Ca2+ transport: relationship to mechanism of action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. This is in accord with the findings of Cussen (1967), who noted in a human autopsy study (subjects ranging in age from 12 weeks of gestation to 12 years of age) that there is a progressive increase in the population of smooth muscle cells and a small increase in the overall size of the individual smooth muscle cells. A multicenter comparison of the safety and effectiveness of ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy in obese and normal weight patients. The remainder of the vasectomy is performed as described earlier for bilateral procedure (Li et al, 1991). An incision is made over the aorta in the retroperitoneum just superior to the inferior mesenteric artery. In some reported series of penetrating injuries, nonrenal organ injury has been noted to be as high as 94% (McAninch et al, 1993). In a subsequent study, the same group showed that both nifedipine and the -adrenergic antagonist tamsulosin, when combined with deflazacort, increased the rate of spontaneous passage of lower ureteral calculi and that, in addition, tamsulosin, a selective 1A/1D adrenergic receptor antagonist, reduced the time to spontaneous expulsion (Porpiglia et al, 2004, 2006). Treatment of unusual Kock pouch urinary calculi with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. The general methods and principles of various types of surgical repair for laparoscopic pyeloplasty are identical to those described for open pyeloplasty. The urethral portion is tubed and transposed by inverting it into the center of the shaft portion of the skin paddle. Lesions that may cause obstruction can be either intrinsic or extrinsic to the genitourinary tract.

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A T 2 induces phasic contractions of rat ureteral segments, an effect that is inhibited by losartan (Fujinaka et al, 2000). Radical nephroureterectomy and dialysis still offer the best chance of cure and survival in patients with a large, invasive, high-grade, organ-confined renal pelvis tumor (T2N0M0) in a solitary kidney (Gittes, 1980; McCarron et al, 1983). Potassium citrate has been shown to be equally effective as potassium chloride in correcting thiazideinduced hypokalemia. In the guinea pig ureter, ouabain inhibits activity without a preliminary potentiation of contractility (Washizu, 1968; Hendrickx et al, 1975). For renal pelvis and proximal or middle ureteral tumors, this includes the ipsilateral renal hilar nodes and the adjacent para-aortic or paracaval nodes, and pelvic nodes for distal ureteral tumors (Grabstald et al, 1971; Batata et al, 1975; Batata and Grabstald, 1976; Skinner, 1978; Johansson and Wahlquist, 1979; Babaian and Johnson, 1980; Cummings, 1980; Heney et al, 1981; McCarron et al, 1983; Richie, 1988; Williams, 1991; Messing and Catalona, 1998; Brausi et al, 2007; Kondo et al, 2007; Abe et al, 2008). Furthermore, little solid tissue is seen, and what is present has a random distribution among the cysts. Is renal sinus fat invasion the same as perinephric fat invasion for pT3a renal cell carcinoma Complications of contemporary open nephron sparing surgery: a single institution experience. Approximately 3 to 6 weeks after trauma, primary reconstruction can be undertaken, although we have elected to wait 4 to 6 months in some patients, depending on the situation. The renal hilum is identified, and its vessels are exposed with a combination of blunt and sharp dissection. An important technical point in ureterocalicostomy is that the parenchyma overlying the lower pole calyx must be resected rather than simply incised because a simple nephrotomy may lead to a secondary stricture (Couvelaire et al, 1964). Molecular markers continue to improve the classification of many cancers to optimize therapy. Success with percutaneous access to augmented bladders has been reported, although the risk of extravasation of irrigant material can occur if the bladder is not adherent to the abdominal wall. Also, preoperative stent placement typically deflates the renal pelvis and may obscure its visualization in this approach. Radical prostatectomy with preservation of sexual function: pathological findings in the first 100 cases. In 1880, Henry Morris of England was the first to remove a stone from an otherwise healthy kidney by nephrolithotomy, extracting a 31-g mulberry calculus from the kidney of a young woman (Dudley, 1973). Average operative times for percutaneous cystolithotomy range from 20 to 86 minutes (Wollin et al, 1999; Demirel et al, 2006; Aron et al, 2007), with successful eradication of stone in 89% to 100% of patients after a single procedure. There are a number of maneuvers the urologist can undertake to avoid a ureteral avulsion. Capsular 2-0 Vicryl interrupted or U-stitches are used to approximate the edges of the renorrhaphy bed with or without the use of Surgicel bolsters. First, it complexes with calcium, thereby reducing the availability of ionic calcium to interact with oxalate or phosphate (Meyer and Smith, 1975; Pak et al, 1982). It also contains a coagulation factor and prostaglandins A, B, E, and F (Tauber et al, 1975). Moreover, uric acid stones tend to display more homogeneous attenuation throughout a given stone than calcium oxalate stones (Marchini et al, 2013). The ureter can now be traced between the bladder and the median umbilical ligament down to its origin at the bladder. Both groups are chemosensitive, being excited by K+, bradykinin, and capsaicin (Sann, 1998). The pelvic segment of the ureter is approximately 15 cm long-a half of its total length. The medial incision is carried down the proximal ureter, completely traversing through the stenotic area and into normal-caliber ureter, using fine scissors. The lobes are visible on the external surfaces of the kidneys in fetuses, and evidence of the lobes may persist for some time after birth. The convolutions of the seminal vesicles can be seen on T1-weighted imaging with contrast material. Laparoscopic Psoas Hitch Ureteroneocystostomy with psoas hitch has been performed laparoscopically with success (Nezhat et al, 2004). Effect of cromakalim and glibenclamide on spontaneous and evoked motility of the guinea-pig isolated renal pelvis and ureter.